क्वांटम यांत्रिकी का जन्म (मैट्रिक्स यांत्रिकी)

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The formal theory of **क्वांटम यांत्रिकी (Quantum Mechanics)** was developed in two main, seemingly separate, formulations in the mid-1920s: मैट्रिक्स यांत्रिकी and तरंग यांत्रिकी।

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वर्नर हाइजेनबर्ग की मैट्रिक्स यांत्रिकी (1925)

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\nसंस्थापक: The first complete and consistent formulation of quantum mechanics, known as Matrix Mechanics, was developed by the German physicist वर्नर हाइजेनबर्ग (Werner Heisenberg), in **1925**.
\nविधि: Heisenberg's approach focused on observable quantities\u2014such as the frequencies and intensities of light emitted by atoms\u2014treating them as non-commutative quantities (matrices). It avoided any visual models of electron orbits, focusing purely on mathematical relationships.
\nप्रकाशन: Heisenberg published his groundbreaking paper, *'\u00dcber quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen'* (Quantum-Theoretical Re-interpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations), in 1925, marking the true birth of modern quantum theory.

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बाद के घटनाक्रम

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\nMax Born and Pascual Jordan: They formalized Heisenberg's approach mathematically using matrices.
\nErwin Schr\u00f6dinger (1926): Developed the second formulation, Wave Mechanics (Schr\u00f6dinger equation).
\nवोल्फगैंग पाउली: Contributed significantly to the theory, notably with the Pauli exclusion principle (Option D).

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\nहेनरिक रुडोल्फ हर्ट्ज़ is known for confirming electromagnetic waves, and अर्नेस्ट रदरफोर्ड for discovering the atomic nucleus. Since the question specifies the theory of quantum mechanics published in 1925, वर्नर हाइजेनबर्ग is the best known and most accurate answer.

Physics Set 2

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